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Copyright Series

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Copy That, Part 4 – Copyright Duration and the Public Domain

Nothing lasts forever—not even copyright.

In Australia, copyright protection is generous, but it isn’t permanent. Once it expires, the work enters the public domain, where anyone can use it freely without permission or payment. For creators, this means a valuable asset eventually becomes a shared cultural resource. For users, it’s an open invitation to repurpose, remix, and reimagine.

How long does copyright last?

It depends on the type of work:

  • Literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works: Life of the creator plus 70 years.

  • Films and sound recordings: Generally 70 years from the year of first publication.

  • Broadcasts: 50 years from the year of broadcast.

  • Published editions: 25 years from first publication (protects the typographical arrangement, not the content).

Why the long tail?

The “life + 70 years” rule aligns Australia with most of its major trading partners. The idea is that copyright rewards creators and their estates for decades after creation—often long enough to benefit children and grandchildren—while ensuring that, eventually, the work joins the public’s shared heritage.

The public domain: free, but not always simple

When a work falls into the public domain, you can:

  • Copy, adapt, and distribute it without permission

  • Use it in new creations (films, books, merchandise, etc.)

  • Monetise it without paying royalties

But be careful:

  • New editions, translations, or adaptations of a public domain work can have their own copyright.

  • Moral rights still apply—meaning you may still need to credit the original creator or avoid derogatory treatment.

  • Other rights (like trade marks or cultural heritage protections) can limit how you use older works.

IP Mojo tip: double-check before you dive in

Don’t assume a work is in the public domain just because it’s “old” or freely available online. Confirm the date of creation and publication, and check whether there have been later editions or modifications that might still be protected.

Please note images you find in Google Images or that pop up in your searches irrespective of the search engine you use, are generally not in the public domain and may well be protected by copyright.  That should be your assumption until proven otherwise – don’t assume it’s public domain … find out first!

Next up in our Copy That series:
Part 5 – Exceptions and Limitations: Fair Dealing in Australia
Because yes, there are times you can use someone else’s work without asking first—but they’re narrower than you might think.

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Copy That, Part 3 – Economic Rights, Moral Rights, and Beyond

Copyright isn’t just about money—it’s also about dignity.

In Australia, copyright law recognises two distinct sets of rights: economic rights and moral rights. Economic rights are about commercial control and exploitation. Moral rights are about personal connection and respect for the creator. Together, they shape not just who can profit from a work, but also how that work can be used and credited.

Economic rights: the commercial engine

Economic rights give the copyright owner exclusive control over:

  • Reproduction – copying the work in any form (printing, scanning, duplicating files)

  • Publication – releasing the work to the public for the first time

  • Performance – performing the work in public (for plays, music, etc.)

  • Communication – sharing the work online or by broadcast

  • Adaptation – turning the work into another form (e.g. a book into a film)

These rights can be licensed (permission granted, usually with conditions) or assigned (ownership permanently transferred). They’re the levers by which copyright generates income—royalties, sales, syndication, and more.

Moral rights: the creator’s personal stake

Moral rights aren’t about money—they’re about the creator’s relationship to their work. They belong only to individuals (not companies) and last for the creator’s life plus 70 years. There are three:

  1. Right of attribution – to be named as the creator

  2. Right against false attribution – to prevent someone else being credited for your work

  3. Right of integrity – to prevent derogatory treatment of your work that prejudices your honour or reputation

Moral rights cannot be assigned—you can’t sell them. But a creator can give written consent to acts that might otherwise infringe these rights.

The commercial reality

In industries like film, publishing, advertising, and architecture, it’s common for creators to be asked to give moral rights consents (sometimes called waivers). This lets the work be altered, edited, or incorporated into larger projects without constant approvals—important in collaborative, large-scale productions.

For businesses, understanding moral rights isn’t just legal hygiene—it’s risk management. For creators, it’s a reminder that copyright isn’t just an asset, it’s part of your identity.

Next up in our Copy That series:
Part 4 – Copyright Duration and the Public Domain
Because nothing lasts forever—except maybe the internet.

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Copy That, Part 2 – Who Owns Copyright? Navigating the Rights Minefield

You wrote it. You made it. You own it… right?

Not always.

In Australia, the question of who owns copyright isn’t as simple as “the person who created it”.

The answer depends heavily on how the work was created, who you were working with at the time, and what agreements—if any—were in place. Misunderstanding ownership rules can cause disputes that are far more expensive to fix than they would have been to prevent.

The general rule: the creator owns the copyright

If you sit down at your kitchen table and write a short story, paint a landscape, or compose a song, you own the copyright. No-one else can use it without your permission.

But in the real world, works are often created in the context of a job, a collaboration, or a paid commission—and that’s where the rules get tricky.

When the general rule doesn’t apply

There are a few other specific exceptions under the Copyright Act (for example, certain government works and older commission rules), but for most situations the main ones to watch are:

1. Employees

If you create a work in the course of your employment and as part of your normal job duties, the copyright usually belongs to your employer.

That “in the course of employment” test is important—something you do entirely on your own time, with your own equipment, may well remain yours.

2. Contractors & freelancers

Unlike employees, independent contractors usually retain copyright in their work unless there’s an agreement that transfers it to the client.

That means if you commission a designer to create a logo without a written assignment of copyright, they might still own it, even though you paid for it.

3. Commissioned works

Paying for a work doesn’t automatically make you the copyright owner. The main exception is certain photographs and portraits commissioned for private or domestic purposes—here, the person commissioning the work is the first owner of copyright.

4. Collaborations

Just because two people worked together on a project doesn’t mean they’re joint authors. Joint authorship arises only if each person made a real creative contribution to the work.

Supplying ideas, feedback, or research assistance doesn’t always count.

Why it matters

Getting ownership wrong can leave you unable to stop someone else from using the work you thought was yours—or unable to use it yourself without their permission.

Disputes often arise years later, when the work turns out to have commercial value.

IP Mojo tip: put it in writing

Whether you’re commissioning a work, collaborating on a project, or creating as part of your job, don’t rely on assumptions.

A clear, written agreement about who will own the copyright (and on what terms) is one of the cheapest and most effective forms of IP insurance you can buy.

Next up in our Copy That series:
Part 3 – Economic Rights, Moral Rights, and Beyond
Because copyright isn’t just about money—it’s also about recognition and control.

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Part 1 – Copyright 101: What It Is and Why It Matters

If you create, you already own more than you think.

Every day, Australians are producing things that copyright protects—often without even realising it. A marketing brochure. A wedding photograph. A hand-drawn logo. The source code for an app. The jingle that gets stuck in your head from your local café’s radio ad.

Copyright is the invisible shield that springs into existence the moment an original work is created. No forms to fill in, no fees to pay, no government stamp of approval required. In Australia, the protection is automatic.

So, what does copyright actually protect?

Quite a lot. The Copyright Act covers a wide range of works, including:

  • Literary works – from novels and poetry to software code and blog posts

  • Musical works – original music compositions

  • Dramatic works – plays, screenplays, choreography

  • Artistic works – paintings, photographs, drawings, architectural plans

  • Films – movies, short films, animations

  • Sound recordings – audio files, albums, podcasts

  • Broadcasts – radio and television transmissions

  • Published editions – the typographical layout of printed material

What it doesn’t protect is just as important: ideas, titles, names, slogans, methods, or styles. Those might fall into other areas of intellectual property, like trade marks, patents, or designs.

The rights you get as a copyright owner

As the owner, you have exclusive control over how your work is used. That means you can:

  • Reproduce it – make copies, whether physical or digital

  • Publish it – make it available for the first time

  • Communicate it – share it online, broadcast it, or stream it

  • Adapt it – turn your novel into a screenplay, or your photo series into a calendar

These rights are known as economic rights—and they’re the foundation for licensing deals, royalties, and other commercial uses.

How is copyright different from trade marks and patents?

Think of it this way:

  • Copyright protects the original expression of an idea (e.g. the book you wrote).

  • Trade marks protect your brand identity (e.g. the name and logo on the cover).

  • Patents protect new inventions or processes (e.g. a new kind of printing press).

  • Design rights protect the visual appearance of a product (e.g. the unique shape of your book’s slipcase).

Different tools, different jobs—but all part of the IP toolkit.

Why it matters

In a world where content is copied, reposted, and remixed in seconds, copyright is one of the most important protections a creator or business can have. It helps you:

  • Stop unauthorised copying or use

  • Control how your work is presented and distributed

  • Monetise your creativity through licensing and sales

  • Safeguard your competitive edge

The bottom line? If you create something original, copyright is already in your corner—you just need to know how to use it.

Next in our “Copy That” series:
Part 2 – Who Owns Copyright? Navigating the Rights Minefield
Because owning it isn’t always as simple as creating it.